noun building machinemmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1525

The pANini rules build all nouns by this process --

(1) choose a nounbase

(2) if it is f (that is, if it means a woman) and some rule (such as ajAdya) says that a feminine affix must be added to it, add it.

(3) add a sup affix. If some rule says that a second, third etc affix must be added, then add it; otherwise add a first affix. The affix must be singular, dual or plural according to bahuSu ff.

(4) from this point on, some rules might change the nounbase and the affix.

(5) In some situations, such as supodhA, the sup affix must be removed.

As there are hundred of such rules, if you try to do that too soon, you will likely fail, because maybe some of the rules you don't know yet must work. That's why, before we learn the rules, we must learn how to cheat, by using inria reader and inria declension to do the disassembling and assembling for us.

So now I'll explain the cheats, and afterwards I'll show some examples.

how to disassemble nouns using inria reader

how to assemble nouns using inria declension

disassembling azvas assembling azvas

disassembling vidyutam assembling vidyutam

disassembling kapinA assembling kapinA

disassembling rAmeNa assembling rAmeNa

disassembling vyAghrI assembling vyAghrI

how to disassemble nouns using inria readermmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1526

Write azvas (or azvaH, same thing) into inria reader and press READ. You get a red and a blue (because this word might be a noun or a verb). Click the noun (the blue). Inria will show:

azvaH = azva m sg nom

This means that azvaH might be a noun formed from the masculine nounbase azva-. The sg nom means that the sup affix added to it was su. (The nominative affixes aka first affixes are su au jas, and they are singular dual plural respectively).

how to assemble nouns using inria declensionmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1527

Go to inria grammar and under Declension type the nounbase azva, then choose KH in the dropdown, and choose Mas for masculine and press SEND.

disassembling azvasmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1528

When you type azvas or azvaH into inria reader, it shows a blue and a red rectangle. The blue azvaH is a noun. Click it and inria shows

azva m sg nom

the azva is the nounbase, and the sg nom means that su was added to it.

azva- + su azvas

The word appears as azvaH because inria always displays the final s of a word as H, showing the pronunciation that the word will have before a pause (see rules sasaju and kharava).

assembling azvasmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1529

To add the affix su after the nounbase azva- that means horse, when the horse is either a stallion or of unknown sex, we do this:

Go to inria grammar, and under Declension

type the letters azva

choose HK from the dropdown

choose masculine

press send

We get a table that shows the results of adding all of the twenty-one tiG affixes after masculine azva-.

The one we want, su, is in the first line of the table, the one marked nominative, at the left under " singular". There we can read azvaH, which is how inria types azvas. We just put together the azva and the s, no rules were involved here.

disassembling vidyutammmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1530

Putting vidyutam into inria decension we get one blue rectangle, and clicking it, it shows --

vidyut_2 f sg acc

The vidyut_2 is a feminine nounbase, vidyut, and acc means that one of the second affixes am au zas was added, in particular, the singular affix am. So inria is telling us that --

vidyut f + am → vidyutam

Here no rule added or changed anything.

Notice that no feminine affix (no GI and no Ap) was added to the base. This happens because no rule tells us to add any feminine affix.

assembling vidyutammmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1531

To get the result of adding vidyut + am, we go the inria declension, type vidyut, choose HK, choose feminine, and press Send.

In the table that appears, we need the third line, accusative. am is a second ending; to get the second endings we need the third line, to get the third endings the fourth line, and so on.

disassembling kapinAmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1532

Here reader shows --

kapi m sg i

The i means the third endings TA bhyAm bhis. So here inria is saying that --

kapi m + TA → kapinA

It's clear that the T of TA is a label, so we were expecting to get kapi + A. Somehow some rule added an n in between.

assembling kapinAmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1533

inria declensionm tells us that adding TA after masculine kapi we get kapinA (it is in the fourth line of the table, instrumental). If we ask for feminine kapi plus TA, it will say kapyA. Why?

The grammar rules form kapinA this way --

kapi m + TA →AGonA kapi + nA → kapinA "with monkey"

Rule AGonA turns into nA the TA that follows a masculine or neuter that ends in i or u. But that rule won't work after a feminine, so in that case --

kapi f + TA →ikoyaNaci kapyA "with she-monkey"

disassembling rAmeNammmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1534

If we ask inria reader to find the ending in rAmena it will fail horribly. That's because there is no such word. rameNa must have N. If we ask about rAmeNa, we get

rAma m sg i. / n sg i

So inria is seeing two options here. Either rAmeNa is the masculine nounbase rAma with TA added, or it is the neuter nounbase rAma with TA added.

assembling rAmeNammmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1535

Assembling rAma + TA works like assembling kapi + TA. Put rAma into declension, set masculine, set HK, press send. The fourth line of the table shows rAmeNa, with N not n.

To do that with the rules, we must know rules TAGasi and AdguNaH and the Natvam rules. Rule TAGasi says that TA turns into ina after short a --

rAma+ TA →TAGasi rAma + ina

then AdguNa always works, turning a + i into e --

rAma + ina → rAmena

and whenever n follows an r, the Natvam rules may work --

rAmena →Natvam rAmeNa

disassembling vyAghrImmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1536

inria reader says at vyAghrI --

vyAghra f sg nom

and this means that when we add su after the feminine nounbase vyAghra-, we get vyAghrI --

vyAghra f + su vyAghrI

The nounbase vyAghra means "tiger", and is usually a masculine nounbase. But when it means a female tiger it must be a feminine nounbase. Adding su after just vyAghra we should have gotten vyAghras, but we got vyAghrI here instead. so there must be some explanation of why the s disappeared, the a too, and the I was added.

✓

assembling vyAghrImmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1537

I'll explain first how the rules make vyAghrI, and later i'll explain how to get this word from the Declension gadget.

vyaghrI is formed like this. Rule jAtera teaches that names of kinds of animals, among others, must get GI added when they are feminine --

vyAghra- f + su →jAtera vyAghra- + GI + su

(the GI is added between the nounbase and the sup because rule GyApprA says so.)

Now, according to rule yasyetica, the a A i I of a nounbase must be erased before GI --

vyaghra- + I + su →yasyetica vyAghrI + su

and finally, rule halGyA says that su is lost when it comes after GI --

vyAghrI + su →halGyA vyAghrI

Writing all in one line --

vyAghra- f + su →jAtera vyAghra- + GI + su →yasyetica vyAghrIs →halGyA vyAghrI "tigress"

Now you might think that all feminines get I added, but that is not the case. Some get GI (like vyAghra-), some get Ap (like azva-), some get nothing (like vidyut-). And a few can even get more than one option with different meanings (a zudrA is any woman of the zudra caste, while a zudrI is the wife of a zudra).

As it is not easy to figure out which feminine affix needs to be added to a f nounbase, the Declension gadget does not even try to do that for you. When you want to add sup to a feminine, you dont type the plain nounbase into the gadget; instead, you type the nounbase with A or I already added. So to figure out the table for feminine vyAghra-, you type vyAghrI into the gadget, select feminine, and press Send. Typing vyAghra will not work.