building admimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1556

how to build admi using the rules

how to build admi using inria conjugation

how to build admi using hyderabad

how to build admi using the rulesmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1557

One way of building a verb that means "I am eating" is using the pANini rules --

(1) choose a root that carries the meaning of "eating", like ad (there are many others, like bhuj, khAd, gras, carv).

(2) add to it the tense laT, which, according to rule vartamAne laT, may be used to express that the action of eating is happening now.

(3) apply rule lasya and replace the laT with the affix mip, which, according to several rules, may be used to express that the doer of the action of eating is singular and first person. In less words, that the doer is "I". We know that mip is first person because rule tiGas trINi trINi says so, and we know that it is singular because of rule tAnyeka.

So far we have --

ad + laT →lasya ad + mip

Now, mip is hard and expresses the doer of the action of the root, as it says who is eating. So we might think that kartarizap should work. However, it doesn't, because of the exception adi-prabhRtibhyaH zapaH, which says that after some roots, such as ad, rule kartarizap does not work and the root gets no affix.

As it happens, no other rules can apply at this point. So we are already done, and all that we have to do to get our verb is removing the label letter p (we know that p is a label because rule halantyam says so). So we have --

ad + laT →lasya ad + mip → admi "I eat"

(as rule lasya works every single time we build a verb, I will write this, for short --

ad + laT mip → admi "I eat"

this " ad + laT mip" means that we add laT after ad and then replace the laT with mip. It does NOT mean that we first add laT and then we add mip.)

Now, if you try to build a verb in this way you will fail horribly, because to do this, you need to know all the rules. Otherwise, you don't know even WHEN to stop. We apply changes as long as some rule says we must, and we are done only when no more rules apply.

So even though using pANini rules to build verbs is what "we are supposed to learn eventually", beginners will not be able to do this for a long time. Meanwhile students are supposed to use shortcuts, like asking the teacher "how do you say I'm listening?". Since the 20th century we can use inria tools and hyderabad tools to build verbs, and maybe at some point in the 21th century the AI chatbots will learn to do that.

how to build admi using hyderabadmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1559

The hyderabad tools are more accurate than the inria tools, but quite more inconvenient for the average European or American student. The problem is that as they have been made in an Indian university, they take for granted that you can read devanAgarI fluently. That is a very reasonably assumption to make if your students are all in India.

But MY students are mostly outside India and are the kind of lazy folks that won't learn devanAgarI until the last possible moment, so I tell them to compensate for their illiteracy by using a transliterator gadget, such as this one.

So how do we get admi out of the hyderabad tools?

Go to the hyderabad tools page and choose "verb forms generator" from the menu. In the gadget, choose your alphabet, your root, and parasmaipada (parasmaipada because you want the flat affixes, ac). Choose the output alphabet, and click "generate". You get to a table that shows all the tenses. The present is laT.

The verb tables in hyderabad are written in the Indian order: third person affixes go at the top, second person in the middle and first person are last. So here for "I eat" you need the form that is at the bottom left of the laT table.

building adantimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1561

The rules that build adanti "they eat" are these --

ad + laT → ad + jhi →jhontaH ad + anti → adanti "they eat"

Rule jhontaH (literally, "jh to ant") replaces the jh of all affixes that have jh with ant. In this example, it changed the jh part of jhi into ant, and the i of jhi stayed unchanged, so we got anti. This same rule will change jha into anta, jhu into antu and so on. It works only on the jh that is inside an affix.

This rule will work on nearly all jhi, excepting only the ones that come after zlu and the ones that come after one the seven jakSi roots. In those cases, jhontaH does not work, because its exception adabhyastAt turns jhi into ati.

analyzing carantimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1564

caranti means they move, and this word is made by adding the plural affix jhi. Inria says --

car pr. [1] ac pl 3

the "ac pl 3" (plural third person) means that we added jhi.

car + laT

car + jhi

the [1] means that kartarizap worked, so zap was added after the root, and inria is saying that --

car + zap + jhi → cara + jhi caranti

Apparently, jhi turned into nti by some special rules.

analyzing nayatimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1566

Writing nayati into inria reader , it gives us two options, one red and one blue. That's because this word can be a noun or a verb. We are interested only in the verb, so we click the red. Doing this shows --

nI_1 pr [1] ac sg 3

The [1] there means that the rule [1] of the table verb classes worked and added the affix zap after the root. The root nI means to carry or lead, so, so far, we can say that nayati means "leads", and was built like this --

nI + laT tip → nI + zap + tip nayati "he leads"

as in

senAnM nayati zalyo 'yam "this zalya leads the army"

or

grAmaGM kRSNo nayaty ajAM "K. leads the goat to the village"

It's clear that some rule or rules turned nI + zap into naya. We'll see those in a moment.

building nayatimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1567

The rules that build nayati are these --

nI + laT tip →kartarizap nI + zap + tip →hardsoft ne + a + ti →ecoyavAyAvaH nayati "he leads"

Rule kartarizap teaches: "whenever a root is right in front of a hard affix that means the doer, add the affix (z)a(p) after the root".

In this example, kartarizap works because

(1) tip is hard, because rule tiGzit says so.

(2) tip means the doer, because it expresses that the doer is third person and singular (he or she does the leading, not you or me)

(3) None of the dozen plus exception rules that stop kartarizap from working applies in this example. We'll worry about those rules later. For now, just remember that the class one roots (nI, car, plu and all the roots that inria labels sometimes with a [1]) get zap, and roots of classes two to nine never do.

Here you have some more examples of the root nI getting zap --

nI + laT sip → nI + zap + sip nayasi "you lead"

nI + laG sip → nI + zap + sip anayas "you led"

nI + loT sip → nI + zap + sip naya "lead!"

nI + liG sip → nI + zap + sip nayes "you would lead"

Now, in all these examples, nI plus zap turned into naya. Why? Because of rules hardsoft and ecoya.

Let's go back to explaining nayati. We had reached this point --

nI + laT tip →kartarizap nI + zap + tip

Now, rule hardsoft teaches, among other things,

" I turns into e in front of all root affixes "

In our example, zap is a root affix because it is hard, and it is hard because it has z label (see tiGzit). It also happens that none of the many exceptions to hardsoft prevent it from working in this example. Therefore we must replace the I with e --

nI + laT tip →kartarizap nI + zap + tip →hardsoft ne + a + ti

At this point rule ecoyavAyAvaH must work. This is not a verb building rule, but a letter rule that affects all of the e o ai au that are inside a word and before a vowel. Using it is compulsory. After that, no more rules can apply, so we are done --

nI + laT tip →kartarizap nI + zap + tip →hardsoft ne + a + ti →ecoyavAyAvaH nayati "he leads"

analyzing nayantimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1568

nayanti shows in inria almost like nayati, the only difference being that nayati has ac sg 3 (namely tip) and nayanti has ac pl 3 (namely jhi). As inria shows [1], zap was added to the root. So nayanti means "they lead", and has jhi affix --

nI + laT jhi →kartarizap nI + zap + jhi nayanti "they lead"

so it looks like some rules changed jhi into nti. We'll see those rules right below.

building nayantimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1569

The rules that build nayanti "they lead" are these --

nI + laT jhi →kartarizap nI + zap + jhi →jhontaH nI + a + anti →hardsoft ne + a + anti →ecoya naya + anti →atoguNe nayanti "they lead"

The jhi ending is almost always affected by jhontaH and turned into anti.

Here atoguNe is not a verb construction rule, but a sandhi rule (a general rule about letter changes). Ordinarily, two a will combine into one long A by rule akassa. But when the two a belong to the same word, like here, they make a short a, by exception atoguNe.

analyzing dveSmimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1570

Inria shows --

dveSmi = dviS pr [2] ac sg 1

which means

dviS + laT mip → dviS + mi dveSmi "I hate"

The [2] means that rule adipra worked, so no affix (such as zap) was added after dviS.

As we were expecting dviSmi, this means that some rule changed dviS into dveS.

building dveSmimmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1571

The rule that changed diS into dveS was puganta. This rule, among other things, teaches --

"replace the nexttolast i of a root with e before all root affixes"

Here no exception prevents puganta from working, so we say --

dviS + laT mip → dviS + mi →puganta dveSmi "I hate"

analyzing cakArammmmmmmmm ^ C- 1578

According to inria, cakAra is --

kR pft ac sg 3

as " ac sg 3" means tip, here we had

kR + liT tip cakAra "he made"

This is the same thing as !"cakratus above, only that we added tip ( singular third person) instead of tas ( dual third person). Here kR turned into cakAr before tip, not into cakR, and tip turned into a. Again inria did not show a verb class.

building cakArammmmmmmmm ^ C- 1579

There are many rules involved into making cakAra. In a nutshell --

kR + liT tip →parasmaipadAnANNa kR + Nal →acoJNiti kAr + Nal →liTidhA cakAr + Nal → cakAra "he made"

Here rule parasmaipadAnANNa replaces tip with Nal.

As Nal has N label, rule acoJNiti works and replaces R with Ar.

Next, rule liTidhA reduplicates the root kAr into cakAr. Reduplicating kAr works a bit different than earlier --

first ekAcodve turns kAr into kAkAr

then hrasvaH turns the first kA into ka, making kakAr

finally kuhozcuH replaces that ka with ca, and we get cakAr.

Then we add (N)a(l) after cakAr --

cakAr + Nal → cakAra

The N label of Nal made us replace R with Ar, and the l label tells us that cakAra has the accent in the kA.

analyzing bhaveyusmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1580

Typing bhaveyus into inria reader, we get --

bhU_1 opt [1] ac pl 3

An opt in inria means that the tense affix added was liG AND that rule liGAziSi was not applied, so the tiG that replaces the liG is hard. The [1] means that bhU is a zapclass root and rule kartarizap added zap here. So inria is telling us that the verb was formed this way --

bhU + liG → bhU + hard jhi → bhU + zap + jhi bhaveyus "they would be"

The student will remember that bhU before zap turns into bhav by hardsoft and ecoya, so we should have bhavajhi so far. Looks like some rules must be changing ajhi into eyus.

building bhaveyusmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1581

When we must join a root and a liG replacer affix, like here --

bhU + liG → bhU + hard jhi

there are between fifteen or twenty rules that must work, I lost count. So I will mention here only a few of them.

First, rules kartarizap, hardsoft and ecoya turn bhU into bhava --

bhU + jhi →kartarizap bhU + a + jhi →hardsoft bho + a + jhi →ecoya bhava + jhi

Then rule jherjus works --

bhava + jhi →jherjus bhava + (j)us

Now, usually, when a flat affix replaces liG, rule yAsuTp should work and add yAs in front of that affix. However, when the affix is right after an a, like here after bhava, exception atoyeya says that the affix gets Iys instead of the usual yAs --

bhava + us →atoyeya bhava + Iysus

Now the first s disappears by liGassa,

bhava + Iysus →liGassa bhava + Iyus

and the a and the I merge into e by the general rule AdguNaH --

bhava + Iyus →AdguNaH bhaveyus

Putting everything together --

bhU + liG jhi →kartarizap bhU + zap + jhi → bhava + jhi →jherjus bhava + us →yAsuTpa bhava + yAsus →atoyeyaH bhava + Iysus →liGassa bhava + Iyus →AdguNaH bhaveyus "they would be"

building acaratmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1584

To form acarat using inria, go to inria grammar, and under conjugation write car, set dropdown to KH, set present class to 1, and hit Send. In the resulting table the second paragraph says "imperfect", that's the laG. At the left side of that you have the active, that is the ac endings. Look at the third line for the third person. The sngular is acarat.

To form acarat using the rules, do this --

car + laG tip → acar + tip → acar + zap + tip →itazca acar + a + t → acarat

Rule itazca tells us that when tip, jhi, sip have replaced a Git tense, they lose their i.

building dRzyatemmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1588

When we want to make a verb that means that one thing is being seen now, we do this --

dRz + laT ta

Here we must use either ta or tip to mean that the object of the root (the thing that is seen) is third person and singular, and only ta and tip are third person and singular. Here, we must use ta because rule bhAvakarmaNoH says that when the affix does not mean the doer it must be bent. So ta is now an affix that means the object.

Being hard affix that does not mean the doer, this ta makes makes rule sArvadhAtukeyak work

dRz + ta →sArvadhAtukeyak dRz + yak + ta

and as ta is a bent affix that replace a T tense ( laT), rule Tita must work --

dRz + yak + ta → dRz + yak + te'''

Putting everything together --

dRz + laT ta → dRz + yak + ta →Tita dRz + yak + te → dRzyate "it is being seen"

This verb can also be translated as "it is seen", but i added the "being" word because in English "it is seen" may mean either present time or past time, while in Sanskrit you use laT for present time and kta or laG or liT or luG for past time --

dRz + kta →vrazca;bhrasja dRSta →STunA dRSTa- "it was seen"

dRz + laG ta →luGlaG adRz + ta → adRz + yak + ta → adRzyata "it was seen"

dRz + liT ta → dRz + ez →liTidhA dRdRz + e →urat dadRze "it was seen"

dRz + luG ta → dRz + cli + ta → dRz + ciN + ta →luGlaG adarz + i + ta →puganta adarz + i + ta →ciNoluk adarzi "it was seen"

example sentences --

candro dRzyate "the moon is being seen"

pratimAsaJM candro dRzyate pUrNimAyAm "the moon is seen every month in the fifteenth night"

candro dRSTaH "the moon was seen"

candro 'dRzyata "the moon was seen"

candro dadRze "the moon was seen"

candro 'darzi "the moon was seen"