(A) final vowelsmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1661

before ch --

the vowel stays, and if the vowel is short, the ch turns into cch (by checa).

sa + chAtraH →checa sacchAtraH "that student"

before other consonants --

the vowel and the consonant stay

atra + kapiH → atra kapiH "the monkey is here" (no rules apply)

ak before similar ak

replace both with the similar long (by akassa)

atra + azvaH →akassa atrAzvaH "the horse is here"

ik before non- similar vowel

replace the ik with the corresponding yaN (by ikoyaNaci)

madhu + atra →ikoyaNaci madhvatra "the honey is here"

I U e of a dual before any vowel

no change at all (by IdUded)

kapI + atra →IdUded kapI atra "the two monkeys are here"

a and A before ik

replace both with the guNa vowel that is most-alike to the ik (see AdguNaH and How to replace with guNa or vRddhi. )

atra + indraH →AdguNaH atrendraH "indra is here"

a and A before ec

replace both with the vRddhi vowel that is most-alike to the ec (see vRddhireci and How to replace with guNa or vRddhi. )

atra + ete →vRddhireci atraite "they are here"

e o before a

the a disappears by eGaHp

ete + atra →eGaHpa etetra "they are here"

(usually spelled ete 'tra)

e o before other vowels

turn into a_ (a plus hiatus) (by ecoya and lopazzA)

te + ime → ta_ime "they are these"

ai au before all vowels

turn into A_ Av respectively (by ecoya and lopazzA)

sarvasmai + azvAya →ecoya sarvasmAy azvAya →lopazzA sarvasmA azvAya "to each horse"

tau + azvau →ecoya tAvazvau "those two horses"

Note that as, lopazzA is an optional rule, saying sarvasmAyazvAya and tA_azvau is kosher. Yet, for some reason, these are never found in print. In print, lopazzA is, for some reason, compulsory after ai e o but ignored after au.

Back to sandhi tables .

(B) final mmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1662

Before vowel and pause --

Final m stays

tam + apazyam → tamapazyam "I saw him" (by no rules)

If a topdot is written before a vowel or a pause, that is an ancient way of spelling the m sound.

Before a consonant, --

in the spelling,

m always turns into M (by monus).

tam pazyAmi →monus taMpazyAmi

tam zRNomi →monus taMzrNomi

in the pronunciation

the M is pronounced as an anusvAra sound before yaN and zar.

tam zRNomi →monus taMzrNomi

the M is pronounced as a nasal (by anus) before a Jay.

tam pazyAmi →monus taMpazyAmi →anus tAmpazyAmi

even if that is spelled as tAMpazyAmi.

Back to sandhi tables .

(C) final nmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1663

The wordfinal n , when it is...

before ku, pu, d, dh, s, S, n, y, r, v,

stays because no rules apply --

kumbhAn karoti "he makes pots"

kapIn + SaT → kapIn SaT "six monkeys"

(In the case n + S, rule STunA does not apply because exception toSSi says so.)

before l

becomes nasalized l~ (by torli)

lekhAn + likhati →torli lekhAl~ likhati "he writes letters"

(this is pronounced almost like lekhAnlikhati, and is often misspelled as lekhAMllikhati or as lekhAnlikhati)

before vowel --

doubles after a short (by Gamo) --

rAjan + Agaccha →Gamo rAjann Agaccha "please come, your majesty"

but stays after a long --

hanumAn Agacchati "hanumAn is coming"

before z j jh,

n to J by stozz

tAn + japati →stozz tAJ japati "he mumbles them"

the z will either stay --

tAn + zRNu →stozz tAJ zRNu "listen to them!"

or turn into cch or ch (by zituk and other rules) --

tAn + zRNu →zituk tAnt + zRNu →stozz tAJc + zRNu →zazchoTi tAJcchRNu "listen to them!"

tAn + zRNu tAJcchRNu →jharojhari tAJchRNu "listen to them!"

before D Dh,

n to N by STunA.

hanumAn + DIyate →STunA hanumAN DIyate "hanumAn flies"

before cha Tha tha ca Ta tav --

n to Ms Mz MS by nazchavya, stozz and STunA.

hanumAn + tarati →nazchavya hanumAMs tarati "hanumAn crosses"

hanumAn + carati →nazchavya hanumAMs carati →stozz hanumAMz carati "hanumAn walks"

hanumAn + TIkate →nazchavya hanumAMs TIkate →STunA hanumAMS TIkate "hanumAn jumps"

(We may also say hanumA~s tarati, see accurate translation of nazchavya .)

Back to sandhi tables .

(E) final as before non- kharmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1665

as plus a make o (by sasaju, atoro, AdguNaH, eGaHpa).

as turns into a_ (a plus hiatus) or into ay before the other vowels, (by bhobhago and lopazzA).

as turns into o before haz (by sasaju, hazica, AdguNaH).

Back to sandhi tables .

(F) final As before non- kharmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1666

As turns into A_ (A plus hiatus) or into Ay before all vowels, (by bhobhago and lopazzA).

azvAs + adravan →bhobhago azvAyadravan →lopazzA azvA_adravan

As turns into A before haz (by bhobhago and halisarveSAm).

azvAs + dravanti →bhobhago azvAydravanti →halisar azvAdravanti

Back to sandhi tables .

(G) Final s that does not follow a A, and all final rmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1667

Before vowel --

s to r (by sasaju), r stays

kapis + aplavata →sasaju kapir aplavata "monkey jumped"

punar aplavata (stays) "jumped again"

Before r --

s r to nothing (by rori)

hayais + ratho yuktaH →rori hayai ratho yuktaH "the chariot is yoked with horses"

if the vowel before the disappeared s r is a i u, replace it with long (by Dhralope).

punas + rathaH →rori puna rathaH →Dhralope punA rathaH "again chariot"

Before other haz --

s to r (by sasaju),

kapes + lAGgUlam →sasaju kaper lAGgUlam "monkey's tail"

r stays (no rules work)

punar dravati (stays) "runs again"

Back to sandhi tables .

(H) Final t d T D k g p bmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1668

The wordfinal k T t p first turn into g D d b by jhalAJjazonte, no matter what follows, and then

all g D d b --

(1) turn into t T k p before khar or pause (by kharica).

madhuliD + patati →kharica madhuliTpatati "the bee falls"

and when d becomes t, that t will

combine with z into cch (by zazchoTi)

tad + zivaH →kharica tat + zivaH →zazchoTi tat + chivaH →stozz tacchivaH "that's lucky"

change into c before c ch (by stozz)

tad + ca →kharica tat + ca →stozz tacca "that too"

change into T before T Th (by STunA)

suhRd + TIkate →kharica suhRt TIkate →STunA suhRT TIkate "friend jumps"

(2) turn into n N G m before nasal (by yaronu).

tad + mimIte →yaronu tan mimIte "he measures it"

(3) combine with h into ddh DDh ggh bbh (by jhayoho).

vidyud + hanti →jhayoho vidyud dhanti "lightning kills"

(4) stay before vowel, and before the other haz (because no rules apply)

tad + akarod + pause → tadakarot "he did that"

bhagavad + gItA → bhagavadgItA

except that d plus l makes ll (by torli).

tad + likhati →torli tallikhati "he writes it"

Back to sandhi tables .

(I) Final Gmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1669

Words that end in G are very rare. Most are built by rule kvinpratyayasyakuH. Examples: prAG "eastern", dadhyaG "name of a sage".

Final G turns into --

GG, after short before vowel (by Gamohra)

and stays everywhere else.

Back to sandhi tables .